1. Introduction In large-scale Internet applications, as the amount of data continues to grow, the single-database, single-table architecture cannot meet the needs of high concurrency and large data storage. Sub-database and sub-table is a common database architecture optimization solution, which can improve database throughput, reduce the amount of data in a single table, and improve query efficiency. However, sub-database and sub-table also bring many complex problems, such as primary key generation, paging query, distributed transaction, cross-table query, high availability, etc. This article will explain in detail the core concepts, key technologies and implementation methods of sub-database and sub-table…

MySQL data migration knowledge map 1 Core challenges and technology selection 1.1 Three major challenges of data migration Business continuity requirements: Financial-level business requires 99.99% availability throughout the year Data consistency guarantee: Amount data must have zero error (refer to the "Payment System Data Security Specification" of the central bank) Incremental synchronization complexity: Synchronization delay control in the scenario of 10,000 TPS per second 1.2 Tool comparison matrix Tool name Backup type Lock mechanism Recovery speed Applicable scenarios Official document link mysq…

Introduction In database systems, transaction durability is the most critical part of the ACID feature. It promises that once a transaction is successfully committed, the modified data will take effect permanently, and the data will not be lost even if the system crashes or hardware fails. However, the realization of this promise is not as simple as it seems. Will the data really not be lost after the transaction is committed? This depends on the database's internal log mechanism, persistence strategy, distributed architecture design, and hardware redundancy capabilities. This article will start from a single...

1. MVCC Architecture Design and Implementation Principles 1.1 Storage Engine Layer Architecture InnoDB uses a layered storage architecture to implement the MVCC mechanism: Memory structure: Buffer Pool: Data page cache pool (default 128MB) Undo Log Buffer: Transaction rollback log cache (default 16MB) Change Buffer: Non-unique index update buffer Disk structure: Clustered index B+ tree (primary key index) Secondary index B+ tree Undo...

In daily development, SQL performance issues often become one of the main reasons for system performance bottlenecks. Especially when the amount of data is growing rapidly, inefficient SQL queries may lead to increased database load, increased query latency, and even serious problems such as system unavailability. Therefore, it is particularly important for developers to master SQL optimization techniques. This article will systematically introduce how to discover SQL performance issues and efficient SQL optimization ideas to help developers improve database query performance. Contents S…

In a high-concurrency database environment, row lock is a fine-grained lock mechanism provided by MySQL. It allows multiple transactions to operate on different records of the same table at the same time, greatly improving the concurrency performance of the database. However, in some special cases, row lock may degenerate into table lock, causing the entire table to be locked, thus significantly reducing concurrency performance. This article will deeply analyze the implementation principle of row lock in MySQL, the triggering conditions and reasons for degenerating into table lock, and provide...

In MySQL, locks are the key mechanism to ensure concurrency control, data consistency, and transaction isolation. With the growth of database applications, how to efficiently manage concurrent operations has become a core issue in database performance optimization. MySQL provides a variety of lock mechanisms, including row locks and table locks, and implements the ACID characteristics of transactions through the close integration of lock mechanisms and indexes. In this article, we will explore in depth the implementation of MySQL locks, the difference between row locks and table locks, and the relationship between locks and indexes, to help developers...

Indexes in MySQL are one of the key factors in optimizing database performance. When designing and implementing the data structure of the index, MySQL chose B+ tree as the main storage structure. This choice performs well in terms of query performance and disk I/O efficiency. However, B+ tree is not the only index implementation solution. Common alternative data structures include hash table, binary tree, B tree and skip list. This article will analyze the characteristics of these data structures in detail, compare their advantages and disadvantages, and focus on answering the questions about MySQL.

In database development, transactions are one of the most important concepts, especially in scenarios with high concurrency and strict data consistency requirements. As a popular relational database, MySQL provides strong support for transactions, but many developers are not familiar with its implementation principles, design logic, and precautions in daily use. This article will deeply analyze the transaction implementation mechanism of MySQL, explain the four major characteristics of transactions and the problems they solve, analyze why MySQL is designed in this way, and propose some tips for developers to use transactions in their daily lives.

In object-oriented systems, we often need to perform different operations on complex data structures. If the operation logic is embedded directly inside the data structure, it will not only increase the complexity of the class, but also make the code difficult to maintain and expand. The Visitor Pattern provides an elegant way to define new operations for these structures by separating operations from data structures. This article will introduce the concept of the Visitor Pattern in detail, the difference from other patterns, the problems it solves, and implementation examples in Golang...